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Another tryptophan-derived metabolite, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), inhibits the TLR4/MyD88/NF-B signaling pathway in M1 macrophages, promotes M2 macrophage polarization and restores the balance of M1/M2 polarization, thereby reducing aortic inflammation (83)

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Supplementary material The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 COVID-19 coronavirus disease 19 ROS reactive oxygen species GSH glutathione Keap1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 ARE antioxidant response element GSSG GSH disulfide NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NOX NADPH oxidase ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome NFB nuclear factor-B ACE2 angiotensin converting enzyme-2 NETs neutrophil extracellular traps rTEM reverse trans-endothelial migration NAC N-acetylcysteine CRP C-reactive protein HSPGs heparan sulfate proteoglycans GCS glutamyl-cysteine synthetase TMPRSS2 transmembrane protease serine 2 TLRs Toll-like receptors Abbreviations References 1 AbbasM.VermaS.VermaS.SiddiquiS.KhanF

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Currently, the role of insulin resistance in the pathogenic development of DHD is still under active research, as the pathological roles involved are complex and not yet fully understood, and the related therapeutic approaches are not well developed