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Neurol Neurobiol (Tallinn) 4(3) Too LK et al (2016) Deletion of TDO2, IDO-1 and IDO-2 differentially affects mouse behavior and cognitive function

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Oxidative stress contributes to PD pathogenesis through multiple mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, protein misfolding, and neuroinflammation [159]

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All patients with the MSMD phenotype with or without an MSMD genotype, and probably even all patients with an MSMD genotype with or without the MSMD phenotype, are therefore highly susceptible to M

Importantly, a study showed that the different cells comprising the retina respond differently to excess Hcyretinal ganglion cells in isolation show marked sensitivity and reduced viability, while glial cells in isolation show a strong antioxidant response combined with sustained viability over a wide range of Hcy concentrations [56]