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Additional information Khurram Bashir and Seiji Nagasaka contributed equally to this work

Rotella CM, Zonefrati R, Toccafondi R, Valente WA, Kohn LD

4.3 Autophagy Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis

Nonetheless, lipophagy, which carries intracellular lipid droplets to lysosomes for destruction and triggers lipid peroxidation-mediated ferroptosis, can regulate the amounts of lipids in cells [66]

Start your intake How Glutathione Functions in Cellular Detoxification Glutathione operates through multiple mechanisms: it binds directly to toxins and mycotoxins via glutathione S-transferases (GST enzymes), facilitates their excretion through bile, and protects cellular mitochondria from oxidative stress

The potential of brain cells for de novo synthesis of AMP is considered as rather low [235, 236], suggesting that synthesis of new AMP for subsequent ATP restoration depends mainly on the purine salvage pathway in astrocytes