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Five individuals were excluded prior to randomization due to one or more of the exclusion criteria, while 45 participants were enrolled

These together suggest that various combination ratios activate different mechanisms in each stage

According to a widely cited mechanism review by Pickart and Margolina (International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018), GHK-Cu has been shown in laboratory and gene-expression research to: Stimulate collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, which supports the skin's structural matrix Increase antioxidant enzyme activity, including superoxide dismutase, which helps neutralize free radicals Modulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) the enzymes involved in both tissue breakdown and tissue remodeling Reduce inflammatory signaling, including suppression of TNF-alpha and other pro-inflammatory pathways If you want the fuller picture of how this tripeptide behaves in skin generally, before narrowing in on flare-prone conditions, we cover it in What Is GHK-Cu

Kim HJ, Koo KA, Park WS, Kang DM, Kim HS, Lee BY et al (2020) Anti-obesity activity of anthocyanin and carotenoid extracts from color-fleshed sweet potatoes

Lightweight, non-greasy suitable for all skin types

Ward et al., 2014)