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Discovered in 2015, it has become a central tool in research on AMPK signalling, metabolic homeostasis, and mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk

Human clinical data is promising, but modest: A study of 23 female volunteers found a small but statistically significant increase (~4%) in skin thickness after treatment at 4 ppm

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 207.Barden A.E., Shinde S., Burke V., Puddey I.B., Beilin L.J., Irish A.B., Watts G.F., Mori T.A

Furthermore, DNA damage repair and epigenetic modifications in the promoter regions of NEPH1 and RCAN1 have been shown to restore an intact slit diaphragm in diabetic podocytes in human samples

Clinical-effectiveness-wise, this is more about supporting the skin barrier and reducing the look of dryness lines than changing deep pigmentation or wrinkles

doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23745-1, PMID: [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Chayakulkeeree M., Perfect J