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Quercetin undergoes the first-pass effect, i.e., quercetin is metabolized in the liver once it is entered into our body due to its poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract since it is surrounded by a mucus layer with 90% water content, and it undergoes the first-pass effect (gastrointestinal instability) (Date et al., 2011

Bile is essential for digestion and the elimination of waste products from the liver

Taking supplements with food or after meals can reduce unpleasant tastes and side effects

In particular, several proteins such as Cytochrome c , Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 (UCH-L1), Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 12 , were down-expressed in testosterone group respect to control group

While GSH is added, it reduces MnO to Mn, restoring fluorescence via a redox-driven off-on mechanism

1a, b, Additional file 1: Fig