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(2017) review systematically elaborated on the regulatory mechanisms of the microbiome on stress responses and the HPA axis

& Yuhas, J

2019) or aqueous extracts, shown to have antioxidant, cytoprotective, and antibacterial effects (Upadhyay et al

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 59.Winterbourn CC

We break down further details of these flexibility and convenience options in the following section

FIGURE 1 3 Core mechanistic roles of nAChRs in nicotine addiction As pivotal members of the ligand-gated cation channel superfamily, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) serve as the cornerstone of nicotine addiction neurobiology, with the complexity of their molecular architecture and functional modulation forming its fundamental basis ( 2 10 ) and 3 subunits ( 2 4 ) have been identified