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Ostojic, R

Its physiological concentration declines with age (from ~200 ng/mL at age 20 to ~80 ng/mL at age 60)

Nitrosative stress-induced S-glutathionylation of protein disulfide isomerase leads to activation of the unfolded protein response

We know they enhance muscle, neuronal, and bone growth while simultaneously preventing atrophy

Exogenous Trx and intracellular Trx combine with MIF to form a complex which affects the MIF-induced inflammatory response

Beyond its pathogenic influence, mtDNA also plays a role in shaping the course of pancreatitis through mechanisms that regulate cell survival, such as balancing apoptosis and necrosis, which are pivotal in determining the severity of the disease (115)