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To better understand biofilm development and persistence in chronic wounds, Figure 2 illustrates the stages of the biofilm life cycle, including adhesion, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion, as well as host immune responses such as neutrophil recruitment, M1/M2 macrophage polarization, and cytokine signaling (e.g., interleukin-1 beta [IL-1], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8], interleukin-12 [IL-12]), which collectively contribute to immune evasion and chronic infection [40-43]

Table (1): Functional group of the crude extract of Burkholderia stagnalis Table (2): Bioactive compounds of the crude extract of Burkholderia stagnalis Molecular profiling Molecular profiling, combined with sequence alignment using the NCBI BLAST database, revealed that the bacterium exhibited similarity to Burkholderia stagnalis

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The copper chelation component appears essential for this activity