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Jan 1 2015;55(1):e15-25

In general, pain in PD is usually the result of inadequate dopaminergic therapy, improving if a more continuous stimulation of dopaminergic receptors with levodopa is achieved, adding COMT inhibitors or dopamine agonists

Chavarria C, Zaffalon L, Ribeiro ST, Op M, Quadroni M, Iatrou MS, et al

As melanin synthesis generates ROS, aging leads to a decline in antioxidants like catalase, glutathione, and SOD, creating an imbalance

Another way that acetyl-L-carnitine may support normal nervous system function is by imparting neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects, which includes influencing the action of nerve growth factor and promoting peripheral nerve regeneration and repair

Overall, based on this body of evidence, developing compounds that target key players of mitochondrial pathways may be promising in CCA