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This exchange is crucial for the formation and maintenance of autophagosomes, which are responsible for sequestering and degrading selective cargo during autophagy [134, 135]

While much research focuses on endogenous signaling pathways, extrinsic mechanismsparticularly the modulation of IBD through the gut microbiota-induced ferroptosis remain underexplored

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USA 116 , 609618 (2019)

1 Introduction Stroke remains the second-leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with ischemic stroke accounting for approximately 80% of cases ( First described in 2012, ferroptosis is characterized by mitochondrial cristae shrinkage, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inactivation, and lethal lipid peroxide accumulation through iron-dependent Fenton reactions ( Emerging evidence identifies ferroptosis as a maladaptive response in stroke, with its unchecked activation exacerbating infarct volume expansion and worsening functional outcomes ( 2 Mechanisms of ferroptosis Ferroptosis is a distinct form of regulated cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides to lethal levels ( The hallmark of ferroptosis lies in the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids within cellular membranes, driven by an imbalance between ROS and the cells antioxidant defense systems (Figure 1)

The basic mechanisms of the synthesis and insertion of Sec in proteins, their characterization, the molecular and physiological functions of selenoproteins, and their roles in human health were reviewed by Vyacheslav [46]