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Very high doses can cause kidney damage

Gordon Smith A, Robinson Singleton J

4 Furthermore, many more patients may have subclinical B 12 deficiency

[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

doi: 10.7150/thno.21945 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 49

Causes of Inadequate Responsiveness to Therapy Pseudoresistance White-coat hypertension or office elevations Pseudohypertension in older patients Use of regular adult cuff on a very obese arm Nonadherence to therapy Volume overload Excess salt intake Progressive renal damage (nephrosclerosis) Fluid retention from reduction of blood pressure Inadequate diuretic therapy Drug-related causes Doses too low Wrong type of diuretic Inappropriate combinations Rapid inactivation (e.g., hydralazine) Drug actions and interactions Sympathomimetics Nasal decongestants Appetite suppressants Cocaine and other illicit drugs Caffeine Oral contraceptives Adrenal steroids Licorice (as may be found in chewing tobacco) Cyclosporine or tacrolimus Erythropoietin Antidepressants Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Associated conditions Smoking Increasing obesity Sleep apnea Insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia Ethanol intake of more than 1 oz (30 mL) per day Anxiety-induced hyperventilation or panic attacks Chronic pain Intense vasoconstriction (arteritis) Organic brain syndrome (e.g., memory deficit) Identifiable causes of hypertension Adapted from JNC-7 Express, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute