intestinal microbiota metabolism of l-carnitine a nutrient Comparison short-term and long-term effects of peroral intake: clinical implications of elevated TMAO levels in cardiovascular complications γ-Butyrobetaine Is a Proatherogenic Intermediate
Butyrobetaine Is a Proatherogenic Intermediate in Gut Microbial Metabolism of L Carnitine to TMAO: Cell Metabolism Frontiers Gut Microbiota Dependent Marker TMAO in Promoting Cardiovascular Disease: Inflammation Mechanism, Clinical Prognostic, and Potential as a Therapeutic Target Elucidation of an anaerobic pathway for metabolism of l carnitinederived butyrobetaine to trimethylamine in human gut bacteria PNAS LCarnitine Improves Muscle Nutrient Metabolism and Intestinal Health in HighFatFed Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Cao 2025 Aquaculture Nutrition Wiley Online Library Full article: Gut microbes with the gbu genes determine TMAO production from L carnitine intake and serve as a biomarker for precision nutrition The gut microbiome connects nutrition and human health Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
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