Figure 4 3.4.1 Short chain fatty acids The main products of anaerobic fermentation in the intestine are SCFAs, with acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid being the most abundant (Vallianou et al., 2021)

The Brain Is One of the First Affected Systems The brain is especially vulnerable to oxidative stress because it: uses a large amount of oxygen has high metabolic demand relies heavily on mitochondrial function When oxidative stress increases, it can disrupt: neurotransmitter (hormone) balance blood flow energy production This contributes directly to: cognitive dysfunction slowed processing sensory sensitivity sleep disturbances Glutathione: Your Bodys Master Antioxidant One of the most important defenses against oxidative stress is: Glutathione Glutathione helps: neutralize free radicals detoxify harmful substances support immune regulation protect brain and mitochondrial function Key insights: Levels naturally decline with age (often starting in your 30s) Illness, stress, and inflammation accelerate depletion COVID-19 may significantly reduce glutathione availability This has led researchers to explore glutathione depletion as a key factor in Long COVID symptom persistence

GHK-Cu is observed to exhibit multifunctional properties in reparative processes but requires evaluation for purity and efficacy
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HMSPI and AMSPI also showed higher stability, particularly at pH 9, highlighting the positive effect of these solvents on protein structure with respect to emulsion stability
How the Skin Was Assessed Measurements were taken at baseline (Day 1) and again at Week 12, across four facial sites: right cheek, left cheek, forehead, and chin