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Abbreviations 1 H-MRS: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase ALT: alanine aminotransferase AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase apoB100: apolipoprotein B100 AST: aspartate aminotransferase AUROC: area under receiver operator characteristic BARD score: BMI, AST/ALT ratio, Diabetes BMI: body mass index BSH: bile salt hydrolase CAP: controlled attenuation parameter ChREBP: carbohydrate regulatory element binding protein DNL: de novo lipogenesis EASL: European Association for the Study of Liver EBMT: endoscopic bariatric and metabolic treatment ELF: enhanced liver fibrosis score FAS: fatty acid synthase FFA: free fatty acid FGF: fibroblast growth factor FXR: farnesoid x receptor GH: growth hormone GI: gastrointestinal GIP: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide GLP1: glucagon like peptide 1 GLP1-Ras: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist GLUT4: glucose transporter 4 HDL: high-density lipoprotein HTGC: hepatic triglyceride content IGF1: insulin-like growth factor-1 IR: insulin resistance LSM: liver stiffness measurement MAFLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease MRE: magnetic resonance elastography MRI-PDFF: magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction MTTP: microsomal triglyceride transfer protein NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis NF-B: nuclear factor kappa B PLNPLA3: patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor RBP4: retinol-binding protein 4 ROS: reactive oxygen species SAF: steatosis, activity, and fibrosis SCFA: short-chain fatty acid SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor SREBP1c: sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus TIMP1: tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 TM6SF2: transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 USG: B-mode ultrasonography VCTE: vibration-controlled transient elastography VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein Declarations Acknowledgement None
However, in glutathione synthetase deficiency, because the activity of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase is regulated via feedback inhibition by glutathione, gamma-glutamyl-cysteine and then L-5-oxoproline are overproduced, resulting in the metabolic acidosis and urinary excretion of this compound at levels several hundred-fold above normal (71
In contrast, acoustic trauma that only induces temporary threshold shifts does not result in direct hair cell loss
PMC 5284489
Without sufficient glutathione, the body becomes more vulnerable to oxidative damage, inflammation, and cellular dysfunction, which can pave the way for chronic and degenerative diseases
