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Fray et al., 1998

Cells import cystine from the blood, reconvert it to cysteine (likely using ascorbate as cofactor), and from it synthesize GSH

ROS subsequently modifies and interferes with proteins, lipids, and DNA, which can induce cell death

After adding 800 L of cold MeOH/H2O to the frozen tissue, a pellet pestle (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) was used to homogenize the tissue for 1 min

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A key event is the blood-retinal barrier disruption, with loss of pericytes and endothelial cells, leading to microaneurysms, increased vascular permeability, and capillary obstruction, resulting in poor oxygen distribution in the retina (Wang and Lo, 2018