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Although Wnt/-catenin signalling is an attractive target evaluated by clinical trials, there is a risk of off-target effects, such as the following: side effects such as diarrhoea, fatigue, nausea dysgeusia, and vomiting 315 kidney injury

Clinical formulations typically incorporate appropriate antioxidant buffers or maintain GHK-Cu concentrations within therapeutic windows (0.1-10 M) to optimize beneficial effects while minimizing pro-oxidant risks

GHK-Cu may support healthier extracellular matrix balance

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These models help researchers explore how cells maintain functional stability during environmental or biological stress

Observed findings depend on route, formulation, concentration, and study design